| Equipment Cost $ / kW |
compact components |
mature technology |
|
| Installed Cost / kW |
fewest number of major components |
highest complexity |
more complex with intermediate fluid loop |
| Installation Window / Process downtime |
days |
months |
weeks |
| Auxiliary equipment cost/complexity/install scope |
CO2 directly to WHX & condenser |
water treament, air separation, blowdown |
Inermediate thermal transfer fluid systems prevalent |
| Operating & Maintenance Cost |
|
boiler operator, auxiliary equipment, corrosion, scale |
|
| Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) |
lowest O&M, lowest $/kW |
|
|
| Thermal to electric power conversion efficiency |
better than steam < 650F source temp |
best above 650F source temp |
efficiency limited by 450F working fluid limit |
| Source temp range for cost-effective operation |
350 to 1100 F |
> 650 F |
180 to 450 F (Siloxane up to 590F) |
| Water Usage |
usage is zero with air-cooled condenser, evap cooling req'd for high amb temps |
evaporation make-up, blowdown, vent steam |
air-cooled condensers |
| Footprint: Engine power density kW/ft2 |
dense fluid, compact components |
largest tubine, highest complexity |
large shell/tube exchangers prevalent |
| Waste heat Interface Scope |
single phase WHX, small tubes, dense fluid, low visc, flexible geometry |
steam drum, blowdown system, limited geometry, latent heat temp plateau |
higher flowrates for lower working fluid temps, thermal fluid limited to 550F |
| Process hazards/safety requirements |
high pressure, non-toxic, non-flammable, thermally stable |
water treatement chemicals, boiler code requirements |
low pressure, toxic, flammable, NEC hazardous area classification |